The SHOAL is the global ecosystem of partners and collaborators who work together to safeguard the health of Earth's freshwater habitats and conserve the most threatened freshwater species. As with a shoal of fish, the strength of the SHOAL lies with the number of partners all working together.
Blueprint for Conservation Action for 1,000 Freshwater Fishes
SHOAL's flagship initiative sets out a plan for how significant collaborative conservation effort can lift freshwater fishes and potentially thousands of other neglected freshwater species to a new elevated platform of conservation attention and greatly enhance freshwater conservation efforts globally.
In the dark, tannin-stained waters of Bangka Island’s swamp forests, SHOAL, ASAP and Mandai Nature Local Action Partners from Airlangga University, Indonesia are working hard to save one of the country’s aquatic treasures: the Critically Endangered Betta burdigala. The species, endemic to Bangka, thrives in the unique, acidic waters of the region’s peat swamps.
Betta burdigala is a blackwater swamp specialist, perfectly adapted to its environment. Its labyrinth organ allows it to breathe air directly, a vital trait for surviving the low-oxygen conditions of flooded peatlands. However, these habitats are disappearing rapidly, threatened by palm oil plantations, tin mining, pollution, and overexploitation. The stakes are high, but a dedicated team of researchers and local collaborators is determined to ensure this fish’s survival.
A key component of the project is the captive breeding programme, where Betta burdigala pairs are conditioned in hatcheries, to be released into the species’ native habitat, boosting populations. The fish have fascinating parental care behaviours: males take gulps of air from the surface and blow out a bubble, which rests alongside hundreds of other bubbles, constructing a bubble nest where the fish guard their eggs and fry. In every breeding cycle, a single pair can produce up to 15 juveniles, which are raised until they are ready for reintroduction into the wild.
To maintain genetic diversity, the team works with skilled fish catchers to collect enough broodstock from the wild. This ensures the reintroduced population has the resilience to thrive in its restored habitat.
The conservation of Betta burdigala is intertwined with protecting its habitat. Peat swamp forests, a globally endangered ecosystem, are being destroyed for agriculture and mining. Compounding the problem, forest edges near urban areas often accumulate plastic waste, further degrading the environment.
Recognising this, the team is taking bold steps toward habitat preservation. The next phase involves establishing a fish sanctuary deep within the heart of Bangka’s peat swamp forests. Guided by knowledge from local collectors and hobbyists, the sanctuary will offer a safe-haven where reintroduced Betta burdigala can flourish, along with other vulnerable species like the beautiful Parosphromenus deissneri and the enigmatic Kottelatlimia pristes.
This effort extends beyond science; it’s a collaboration with local communities and government to foster long-term sustainability. By raising awareness about the importance of these habitats and their unique inhabitants, the project ensures that conservation becomes a shared responsibility.
Josie South, fish ecologist at the University of Leeds, who has been guiding the assessment and ecological aspects of the work on Betta burdigala, said, “The success of the Betta burdigala project indicates the capacity for real change from inclusive management involving higher education, hobbyists, government, conservation and fishers working together to preserve biodiversity. Having reintroduced 147 juveniles and locating a prospective fish sanctuary site as well as a site with rehabilitation potential we can see that there is hope for conservation of these overlooked peat swamp fish”.
In saving Betta burdigala, this initiative is doing more than protecting a single species—it’s preserving an entire ecosystem. And in the peaty waters of Bangka Island, hope for the swamp forests and their extraordinary life forms glimmers on.
Post Overview
Michael Edmondstone
November 27th 2024
1000 Fishes, Fish, Freshwater News, Stories
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One quarter of freshwater animals at risk of extinction – IUCN Red List
Mekong Ghost rediscovered after missing for nearly 20 years
The rediscovery of the Giant ‘Mekong Ghost’ Fish sends a message to the CBD COP16 of hope – and a reminder that freshwater ecosystems are in crisis.
While the world discusses how to save biodiversity at the CBD COP16 in Cali, Colombia, the rediscovery of the elusive Giant Salmon Carp, previously feared extinct and nicknamed the Giant Mekong Ghost Fish, was announced. The rediscovery of the large predatory fish represents an urgent call to action for all freshwater ecosystems (referred to as ‘Inland Waters’ by the Convention on Biological Diversity) and all the species, including humans, that rely on them.
A call to the COP:
Freshwater systems are the lifeblood of the planet and yet time and again they are neglected and overlooked. At this CBD COP, the voices of those concerned about freshwater continue to get louder. News of the Giant Salmon Carp’s rediscovery in the Mekong, a river vital to the everyday lives of millions of people, provides a rare opportunity to remind us all that freshwater biodiversity is at crisis point.
Delegates from around the world are currently in Cali, Colombia to set out plans for how to turn back the tide on catastrophic global biodiversity loss. The Carp’s rediscovery is a glimmer of hope that species feared extinct are still out there, surviving when the odds seem desperately stacked against them.
It is now up to policymakers to prioritise freshwaters, to ensure we do not lose this magnificent fish, and many hundreds of other freshwater wonders, forever.
Giant Salmon Carp rediscovered:
The ‘Mekong Ghost’ has been missing for nearly 20 years, and the team of scientists, led by researchers from the Inland Fisheries Research and Development Institute of the Cambodian Fisheries Administration, who rediscovered it deserve our congratulations. The Giant Salmon Carp (Aaptosyax grypus) – an ASAP species and one of SHOAL’s Priority Fishes under the 1,000 Fishesinitiative – had not been documented since 2005 and was feared extinct. A few days ago, researchers published proof that the species has resurfaced in Cambodia, reigniting hope for its survival, and sparking calls for urgent conservation efforts to protect Southeast Asia’s Mekong River.
Their research, published in the journal Biological Conservation, emphasises the need for innovative conservation strategies to safeguard not only this species but the broader ecosystem of the Mekong, which has been termed a “fish superhighway” and is home to some of the largest freshwater fish on Earth.
“The rediscovery of the Giant Salmon Carp is a reason for hope, not just for this species but for the entire Mekong ecosystem,” said Bunyeth Chan, lead researcher from Svay Rieng University in Cambodia. “The Mekong ecosystem is the most productive river on Earth, producing over two million tons of fish per year.” The Mekong River holds staggering diversity, with more than 1,100 fish species alone, around 25 per cent of which are found nowhere else on Earth. The Giant Salmon Carp is one of the 90 Critically Endangered ASAP freshwater fish species and one of the five large migratory ASAP species that SHOAL and the Asian Species Action Partnership (ASAP) is working to conserve.
“The rediscovery of the Giant Salmon Carp is a reason for hope, not just for this species but for the entire Mekong ecosystem.”
Bunyeth Chan – Lead researcher, Svay Rieng University in Cambodia.
Giant Salmon Carp head. Photo Courtesy of Chhut Chheana, USAID Wonders of the Mekong
“The biodiversity of the Mekong is truly unique, and we must intensify our efforts to study and protect it,” Heng Kong, co-author of the study and director of the Inland Fisheries Research Institute in Cambodia, said. “Species like the Giant Salmon Carp are irreplaceable, and without concerted action, they could disappear forever.”
“It’s a striking fish, up to six feet long, with a hooked, s-shaped jaw and the body and bright scales of a salmon,” said Zeb Hogan, a co-author of the study and director of the Wonders of the Mekong programme at the University of Nevada, Reno. “It’s the only species in its genus of an evolutionary distinct form of large-bodied, predatory carp.
“Aaptosyax numbers are very low, and we don’t know how many populations remain, or if they are connected,” Hogan said. “The rediscovery means that with coordinated international action it may still be possible to save the species from oblivion”.
“The rediscovery provides a nice entry point to discussing some of the larger Mekong controversies and scientific knowledge gaps. It highlights the extraordinary diversity of the Mekong River, its elusive and unusual creatures, their life cycles and habitats shrouded in mystery, and species on the verge of vanishing forever. The rediscovery is a call-to-action. It’s a reason for a change in course: new science, new protections, new partnerships that can bring species – and the Mekong River – back from the brink. It’s a story with significant environmental and economic implications because the Mekong River is home to rich biodiversity and a USD 10 billion fishery”.
The research team are calling for continued community-engaged research. The USAID-funded Wonders of the Mekong programme, working in close collaboration with the Cambodian Department of Fisheries, has successfully involved local fishers in conservation efforts since the programme began in 2017. By partnering with people who live along the Mekong and its tributaries, researchers hope to continue to gather critical information on the Carp’s habitat and behaviour.
Giant Salmon Carp (Aaptosyax grypus) scale collection Photo Courtesy of Chhut Chheana, USAID Wonders of the Mekong
“Local fishers possess invaluable ecological knowledge and could be pivotal in identifying key habitats and establishing conservation zones,” said Sébastien Brosse from the Université Paul Sabatier in France, one of the study’s coauthors.
The Mekong River is a global priority for freshwater biodiversity conservation, and the Giant Salmon Carp is a powerful reminder of the rich biodiversity still present there. However, habitat degradation, overfishing and dam construction have caused widespread harm to the river and its species. Climate change poses a new and growing threat, as the region faces more prolonged drought and more severe floods. To address these issues, scientists are calling for a comprehensive, multi-faceted conservation strategy.
“Protecting its habitat would not only secure the future of this rare megafish but could also support other endangered species in the region, contributing to the overall health of the Mekong’s freshwater biodiversity,” Michael Grant, of the Center for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries and Aquaculture in Australia, said.
There is no time to waste. With the Mekong in such desperate decline, concerted and urgent impactful conservation work is needed. SHOAL currently has six projects running in the region, directly conserving at least four Critically Endangered freshwater fish species, including the Redtail Sharkminnow and the Jullien’s Golden Carp, another migratory Mekong giant.
The Wonders of the Mekong programme has done incredible work to rediscover the Giant Salmon Carp, raise urgent awareness of the plight of Mekong biodiversity, and engage local communities and international networks in vital conservation work. As a result of the rediscovery, the Cambodian Fisheries Administration has added the Giant Salmon Carp to its list of protected species. Ultimately, the survival of the species—and the Mekong’s biodiversity—depends on coordinated efforts across borders.
It is essential to the health of the planet that policymakers urgently step up and prioritise these efforts.
New Blueprint for Conservation Action for 1,000 fishes by 2035
SHOAL has launched an ambitious new initiative to mobilise conservation action for 1,000 of Earth’s most threatened freshwater fish species by 2035.
Conservation action for 1,000 freshwater fishes by 2035? There’s a reason for conservation optimism. Keep scrolling to learn more about one of our most ambitious campaigns to date.
In April we launched the SHOAL Blueprint for Accelerated Conservation Action for 1,000 Freshwater Fishes by 2035, an exciting and ambitious new initiative that will place at least 1,000 threatened freshwater fishes on the path to recovery by 2035.
It’s not just a plan for 1,000 fishes. It’s a plan for hundreds of critical freshwater habitats, vital to thousands of other species and communities – very often the poorest on the planet – that rely on these fish and the freshwater habitats for their everyday lives.
The Blueprint was pulled together with the expert support and guidance from SHOAL partners the IUCN SSC Freshwater Fish Specialist Group (FFSG) and IUCN Biodiversity Assessment and Knowledge Team (BAKT).
Freshwater fishes have been largely neglected in conservation planning and yet the ecosystems they inhabit are vital to the survival of the planet. The incredible diversity of freshwater fishes in only 1% of the Earth’s surface area represents more than half of fish diversity overall. The Blueprint is therefore an extremely welcome and important call to action to halt the loss of so many species under the threat of extinction.
Brian Zimmerman, Co-Chair, IUCN SSC Freshwater Fish Specialist Group
The blueprint was launched in April at an event kindly hosted by the Fishmongers’ Company at Fishmongers’ Hall in London, where SHOAL‘s executive director Mike Baltzer presented how the crucial initiative will mobilise collaborative conservation efforts for global conservation impact.
The Blueprint is a fundamental framework to Phase Two of SHOAL‘s strategy, and will define the organisation’s work for the coming decade. It is wildly ambitious – perhaps the single most ambitious conservation framework in terms of species numbers ever written*!
*We’d welcome people pointing us in the direction of a more ambitious framework!
Freshwater fishes are slipping through the net of conservation and are silently sinking towards extinction. The Blueprint identifies which species need urgent attention and how to cost effectively and collaboratively implement conservation action at scale to ensure at least 1,000 species are under suitable conservation action within a decade. This is the scale of action required to save freshwater fishes and the time to act is now.
Barney Long, Senior Director of Conservation Strategies, Re:wild
This Blueprint is the level of ambition that is desperately needed to make up for the damage caused by decades of neglect in the world’s freshwaters, and to ensure they are conserved and protected long into the future. With funding and support from those able to offer it, it is very much achievable.
Hear what our partners say about working with SHOAL, and why the Blueprint is so critical 👇
The Blueprint shows the level of ambition and determination we need to turn back the tide on the freshwater biodiversity crisis, and halt extinctions and recover populations of the world’s most threatened freshwater fish. It is collaborative to its core and puts local communities at the forefront of impactful conservation action. It is urgent that we now push on and mobilise the conservation actions outlined by The Blueprint – our planet’s freshwaters depend on them.
Michael Baltzer, Executive Director, SHOAL
For freshwaters, the time for action is now.
Together – as a strong and determined shoal – we’ll show that collaborative conservation can change the trajectory for freshwater fishes and save the world’s freshwater ecosystems.
How often does the world’s laziest turtle breathe?
It’s o-fish-al! The world’s largest freshwater fish has made its debut in the 2024 Guinness World Records!
To celebrate we’re looking at five more freshwater achievements, from a stingray bigger than a ping pong table to a turtle so lazy it’s broken a world record.
1. Largest Freshwater Fish
Finally making a hot debut in the 2024 Guinness World Records!
It was last year that fishermen in Cambodia made the historic catch of a giant freshwater stingray (Urogymnus polylepis) that weighed approximately 300kg (661lb) and measured 3.98m (13ft) long.
Named Boramy – “full moon” in the Kymer language – the super-sized stingray has reignited excitement for the mysteries of the Mekong and the river’s extraordinary wildlife.
2. Oldest Freshwater Fish
112 years old? Girl, you don’t look a day over 26.
The bigmouth buffalo (Ictiobus cyprinellus) is the oldest age-authenticated freshwater fish, with the oldest of them all – a female collected near Pelican Rapids, Minnesota in 2019 – found to be 112 years old.
The age cap of the species had previously been assumed to be 26 years, so researchers were stunned when a sample of 386 bigmouth buffalo across 12 different populations revealed that up to 90% of a population was aged 80 years-plus.
3. Laziest Freshwater Turtle
I love her lack of energy, go girl give us nothing!
Cambodia’s giant soft-shelled turtle (Pelochelys cantorii) is another native of the Mekong river. The species was awarded this high honour in recognition of the fact it spends 95% of its life totally motionless in sand on the river bottom waiting for prey to approach.
Twice each day, it comes to the water surface to breathe air. Sounds great, honestly.
4. Longest Freshwater Fish Migration
Over 7,000 miles? You’ll be feeling that in the morning.
The South American dorado catfish (Brachyplatystoma rousseauxii) travels 11,600km (7,200 miles) up and down the Amazon River.
This marathon migration takes the species from the headwaters of the Andes in Peru – where they spawn – all the way to Brazilian Amazon estuary – where they live a couple of years eating fish and crustaceans – and back.
5. Largest Freshwater Fish (again)
Sharing is caring.
The Mekong giant catfish (Pangasianodon gigas) shares the record for largest freshwater fish species with the giant freshwater stingray. Also native to the Mekong river, the largest specimen caught tipped the scales at 293kg (646lb) and measured 2.7m (8ft11in) from head to tail.
The species held the record by itself since 2005, and is now in a race for largest that’s too close to call.
Post Overview
Michael Edmondstone
November 23rd 2023
Freshwater News, Stories
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Recent News
One quarter of freshwater animals at risk of extinction – IUCN Red List
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